1. a. When the light source is off, the phototransistor will be off and behaves like an open circuit. This results in the output voltage
1.b. When the light source is on, the phototransistor will be on and behaves likes a short circuit. This results in the output voltage
. Vsat is the saturation voltage of phototransistor and it is close to zero.
2. Current required to deliver = 10mA
Current transfer ratio = 60
Current transfer ratio =
3. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the total internal reflection will occur.
Here, Critical angle = 15 deg.
Angle of incidence= 30 deg.
So, the ray will be reflected.
4. Consider the circuit 1
Here when the light is incident on the base of phototransistor Q1, the Q1 will get on and resulting in the current flow to the Q2, When a base current enters into Q2, resulting in the Q2 to be in a conducting state. When Q2 conducts, the current will flow through the relay and the contacts of the relay will switch from Normally Close terminal to Normally open terminal.
When light is not incident on Q1, Q2 wiil be off and no switching takes place at the relay.
Conside the circuit 2
When the light incidents on the Q1. Q1 will on, the collector of the Q1 will be pulled down by resistor R2 resulting in the 0V at the gate of SCR, this makes the SCR off.
When the light does not incidents on the Q1. Q1 will be off, the collector of the Q1 will be at high potential resulting in the positve voltage at the gate of SCR, this makes the SCR ON.
Another way to make the SCR off is by pusing the switvh connected across SCR.