A study published by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) detailed four models of disinformation in the Philippines, including a state-sponsored model that leads to the "silencing, self-censorship, and chilling effects among dissenters, and the public."
The study, published by NATO Strategic Communications Center of Excellence, found the following models of "fake news" factories:
the in-house staff model
the advertising and public relations model
the clickbait model
the state-sponsored model
The study is authored by Jonathan Corpus Ong, Associate Professor of Global Digital Media in the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Jason Cabañes, Associate Professor of Communication in De La Salle University—Manila...