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[XX='PHC-Tenten, c: 891500, m: 311470'][/XX] lods last

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2.

Weighs of mouse =1ounce

Total consumption=4 kilocalories per day

Weighs of elephant= 12000 pound

=192000 ounce

(here 1pound=16ounce)

Total consumption=40000 kilocalories per day

a)

Metabolic rate of mouse=4÷1

=4 kilocalories per ounce per day

Metabolic rate of elephant=40000÷192000

=0.2083 kilocalories per ounce per day

b) metabolic rate of mouse is greater than elephant

c) elephant's metabolic rate is lower so elephant uses energy more efficiently.
 
Salamat lodiiij
Cost management within an information technology project is probably one of the most difficult tasks an organization will encounter. Estimating the various costs that go into an IT project is extremely difficult to do from the start. This is an important factor to consider when analyzing the success of cost management practices on a particular project, because final costs are measured against the initial estimates. Unfortunately, it is likely that this estimation/budgeting difficulty is what causes many IT professionals to (as the book used) “smirk” at the idea of project cost management and/or cost overruns. In other words: effective IT project cost management is pretty much impossible, so why bother.

One of the biggest reasons IT professionals have trouble with cost management is because many IT projects have very vague or undefined requirements initially. For example, almost every software project is unique (i.e. a mobile app for a bank), so there is no clear path on which to formulate project costs. This initial lack of detail often results in underestimated development costs, which are quickly surpassed when multiple issues arise due to various factors (hardware incompatibility, expanding scope, etc.). Not conducting a detailed requirements analysis almost always results projects going over budget, because IT projects are rarely as simple as initially thought.

The aforementioned unique nature of IT projects also includes a heavy reliance on new technologies and full business process analysis. Any use of new technology has an associated risk, which often leads to complex problems, or even abandonment of the technology itself. Both of these situations inflate project costs, and can quickly turn an on-budget project into an extremely expensive undertaking. This fact is well understood by many IT professionals, which is yet another reason why they don’t put a whole lot of faith in project cost management.

The previous mobile banking application provides a great example of how not placing emphasis on project cost management can quickly derail an IT project. As previously mentioned, many project requirements are not defined well during initial estimations. In this case, the work involved in creating an app that is independent of the operating system (i.e. Android, OS X, Windows) is largely underestimated (due to the cost estimates being passed off to accountants by the IT staff). This mistake quickly results in development times that double project plan estimates. Also, Google launches a new Android OS during the software development phase of the project. This unanticipated technology change adds further complexity to the OS-independent requirement. The poor planning of initial requirements, combined with an unforeseen technology update, has now resulted in software development labor inputs that are triple initial estimates, placing project cost 50% above budget. This example demonstrates how overlooking project cost management can easily spin IT projects out of control.
 
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2.

Weighs of mouse =1ounce

Total consumption=4 kilocalories per day

Weighs of elephant= 12000 pound

=192000 ounce

(here 1pound=16ounce)

Total consumption=40000 kilocalories per day

a)

Metabolic rate of mouse=4÷1

=4 kilocalories per ounce per day

Metabolic rate of elephant=40000÷192000

=0.2083 kilocalories per ounce per day

b) metabolic rate of mouse is greater than elephant

c) elephant's metabolic rate is lower so elephant uses energy more efficiently.
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Utility function is given by U=F^0.5C^0.5

Find the MRS which is -MUF / MUC

MUF = dU/dF = 0.5F^-0.5C^0.5

MUC = dU/dC = 0.5F^0.5C^-0.5

Now MRS = -(0.5F^-0.5C^0.5) / (0.5F^0.5C^-0.5)

= -(C^0.5C^0.5)/(F^0.5F^0.5)

= - C/F

From the budget constraint, we have slope = -Price ratios = -coefficient of F / coefficient of C = -2/1 or -2.

At the optimal choice, utility function is tangent to budget line so MRS = slope of budget line

- C/F = -2

C = 2F

Use C = 2F in the budget equation

120 = 2F + 2F

120 = 4F

F = 120/4 = 30 units

Then C = 2F = 2*30 = 60 units

Hence her optimal bundle of consumption should be 30F and 60C

(This is the correct answer. For a generalized results, I have attached the derivation of formulas)

A consumer consumes two commodities X and Y and the utility function of the consumer is given by U(X,Y) = X^αY^β, X≥0 and Y≥0. The consumer can purchase the required amount of good X at a price p>0 for each unit of X and the amount of good Y at a price q>0 for each unit of Y. The consumer has exogenously determined income I to spend on goods X and Y. First note that the consumer spends her entire income on purchasing both goods X and Y. Thus, her budget constraint is:

pX + qY = I

Consumer wishes to maximize her utility function given by U(X,Y) = X^αY^β. Use Lagrangian method to maximize the utility function with respect to the budget constraint:

Max Z = X^αY^β + λ(I – pX – qY)

To solve this equation, set the first order partial derivatives of this equation with respect to X, Y and λ equal to zero. This implies:

Z’X = 0

αX^(α-1)Y^β – λp = 0

Z’Y = 0

βX^αY^(β-1) – λq = 0

Z’λ = 0

pX + qY = I

Solve the first two equations and note that they are reduced to:

αY/βX = p/q

Y = βpX/αq

Use this relation in the third Lagrangian FOC which can be modified into:

pX + q*βpX/αq = I

pX(α + β)/α = I

X* = (α/α + β) ×I/p

Plug in this value of X* in Y = βpX/αq

Y = (βp/αq)*(α/α + β) ×I/p)

This gives the optimum value of Y* = (β/α + β)×I/q

Hence we have the constant budget share demand function X* = (α/α + β) ×I/p and Y* = (β/α + β)×I/q
 
1. You can verify this by moving test puff towards and away from the stationary puff several times. At each distance, you should get the same displacement of the test puff if the charges are same when you are moving towards and away from the test puff.



2. To plot the graph, you would need more data. The smallest value of r is 1 cm. That is the distance where you would get maximum value of x. But it seems that you have missed out measuring the other values of x (at r = 4cm, r = 3 cm) as well along with the value of x at r =1 cm.

Sr Nor1/r2x
15 cm0.040.5 cm
24 cm0.0625??
33 cm0.111??
42 cm0.250.7 cm
51 cm1??
You can complete the above table and plot the graph of x vs 1/r2 in excel. This graph should pass through the origin and you can find the slope of this line.

3. We have,



Since the values of k, Q1, Q2, L, m and g are constant (we can call this term as m), on the right hand side, we have variable as (1/r2).

Comparing this equation to the equation for a straight line, we can write



4. For the straight line equation, y = mx, m is the slope of the line. From the question (3), we can write the value of m, which is LkQ1Q2/mg. So we can verify that the equation for the slope m is LkQ1Q2/mg

5. As briefed in question (2), we can find the slope (m) from the graph and use the value for the calculation as below:



Assuming that the charges are same on both puffs, we can write.



We know the value of L; value of k is 8.99*109 N.m2/C2; value of m would be addition mass of puff and mass of needle; also, value of L is measured by you (please convert it in SI unit i.e. from cm to m); finally, value of g is 9.81 m/s2.

6. To find the charge on each puff, you will have to put the values in the equation we got in question (5) and solve for Q. You will get the value of Q in C.

7. To find the number of electrons, you will have to divide the charge Q you found in question (6) by the charge on a single electron. Charge on each electron is 1.6*10-19 C.

8. Does this number seem surprising large or small to you? Why or why not?

Since electron is very small, its mass is 9.1*10-31 kg, the number you would find will be very large as very large number of electrons would contribute to this charge Q.
 
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